The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the branch of the Federal Reserve responsible for US monetary policy. It sets the federal funds rate target at 8 scheduled meetings per year. FOMC rate decisions directly move the Prime Rate, Treasury yields, and SBA loan pricing.
The FOMC consists of 12 voting members: 7 members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (presidential appointees, Senate-confirmed) plus 5 of the 12 Federal Reserve Bank presidents on a rotating basis (New York Fed president votes at every meeting). The committee sets the target range for the federal funds rate — the interest rate at which banks lend reserves to each other overnight — which is the primary tool of US monetary policy. The federal funds rate is the foundation of the US interest rate structure. Every time the FOMC raises or lowers the rate target, the entire rate stack shifts: the Prime Rate (typically fed funds + 3%) moves immediately; Treasury yields reflect the rate expectations; SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) adjusts; and floating-rate loans tied to Prime or SOFR reprice immediately. For SMB borrowers, FOMC decisions have direct cost implications. SBA 7(a) loans are priced at Prime + a spread (0.5–2.75% depending on loan size and maturity). A 100 basis point FOMC rate hike means Prime rises 100bps, and every SBA 7(a) variable-rate loan increases by 100bps. A $500K SBA 7(a) loan at Prime + 2.75% = 11.75% before the hike would reprice to 12.75% — $5,000 additional annual interest cost. FOMC decisions are published via press releases at federalreserve.gov, with a Summary of Economic Projections (the 'dot plot') showing committee members' rate forecasts released quarterly. The Fed Chair holds a press conference after each meeting. Sources: Federal Reserve at https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc.htm.
The FOMC meets 8 times per year but does not change rates at every meeting. In 2023, the FOMC paused at several meetings after raising rates throughout 2022–2023. Rate decisions depend on inflation data (targeting 2% PCE inflation), employment data (dual mandate: price stability + maximum employment), and economic conditions. The FOMC can also act between scheduled meetings in emergencies.
SBA 7(a) variable-rate loans are tied to the Prime Rate, which moves in lockstep with the FOMC federal funds rate target (Prime = fed funds rate + 3%). Every 25bp FOMC hike increases Prime by 25bps, which immediately increases the interest rate on variable-rate SBA loans. Fixed-rate SBA loans and USDA loans are not affected by FOMC decisions post-closing, but new origination rates reflect current market rates.
The Federal Reserve Board of Governors (the 'Fed') is the overall governing body of the Federal Reserve System, responsible for bank regulation, consumer protection, and monetary policy. The FOMC is the specific committee responsible for monetary policy implementation — setting the fed funds rate. All 7 Governors are FOMC members; the FOMC also includes 5 rotating Reserve Bank presidents. The Fed Chair also chairs the FOMC.