A material adverse change (MAC) clause allows a lender to declare default or refuse to fund if the borrower's financial condition or prospects materially worsen between commitment and closing or draw.
MAC clauses (also called material adverse effect or MAE clauses) are protective provisions in commitment letters and loan agreements. They give the lender an 'out' if something goes significantly wrong with the borrower's financial condition, business prospects, or the ability to repay the loan after the commitment is made but before funding occurs — or during the loan term for ongoing MAE covenants. MAC clauses are intentionally broad and subjective, which makes them controversial. Courts have interpreted MAC clauses narrowly — lenders have historically had difficulty invoking them except in cases of clear, sustained, material deterioration. The IBP v. Tyson Foods case (Delaware, 2001) established that a MAC must be significant and durationally non-trivial (not just a short-term setback). Delaware law (where most commercial agreements are governed) sets a high bar for MAC invocation. For small business loans, MAC clauses typically appear in: commercial bank commitment letters (the period between approval and closing), SBA loan commitments (similar), and revolving credit facility agreements (ongoing MAC representations). Non-bank lenders less frequently include formal MAC language, but many have analogous 'material change in financial condition' representations in their application and funding agreements. Borrowers should understand MAC clause scope when they receive a commitment letter. Key questions: What events trigger a MAC? Who determines materiality? What is the cure period? Is it limited to company-specific events (vs. market-wide)? Industry carve-outs are common in sophisticated agreements.
Legally, yes if the clause is properly invoked. In practice, courts require that the adverse change be significant and durable — not a short-term fluctuation. Lenders bear litigation risk if they invoke MAC clauses opportunistically. Most lenders prefer to renegotiate terms rather than walk away, because litigation risk is high and relationship costs are real.
Sophisticated borrowers (often in large transactions) negotiate MAC carve-outs: events that are explicitly excluded from the MAC definition. Common carve-outs: general economic conditions, industry-wide conditions, regulatory changes, stock market fluctuations, acts of God, or conditions known at the time of signing. The fewer carve-outs, the more lender-favorable the clause.
Both. Pre-closing MAC: applies between commitment and funding — lender can refuse to close. Ongoing MAC representation: many loan agreements include a representation that no MAC has occurred as of each draw (for lines of credit) or at the effective date. Violation of this ongoing representation is a covenant default.