FICO scoring is sensitive to specific levers more than to time. The right moves can produce 30-50 point improvements within 1-2 statement cycles — without waiting years for general credit aging.
Yes for utilization-driven improvements. Pay down cards before statement close, wait for next statement cycle reporting (30 days), see the new score (15-30 days for FICO updates from bureau). 60-90 days total. For derogatory-item improvements (collections, late payments), the timeline is longer because items don't age off until 7 years from delinquency date.
Almost always no. Closing cards reduces total available credit (raises utilization on remaining debt) and shortens average account age. Keep old cards open with $0 balances — they continue to build positive account-age history. Only close if the annual fee is significant + you can't downgrade to a no-fee version.